Independence Park

Independence Park is a stadium in Kingston, Jamaica. It is primarily used for football, and is the home field of the Jamaica Football Federation. The stadium opened in 1962 and holds 35,000 people. Category:Football venues in Jamaica

Stadium

]] .]] A modern stadium (plural stadiums, Latin plural stadia) is a place, or venue, for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts or other events, consisting of a field or stage partly or completely surrounded by a structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.

History of the stadium

The word originates from the Greek "stadion" (στάδιον), literally a (place where people) stand. The oldest known stadium is the one in Olympia, in western Peloponnese, Greece, where the Olympic Games of antiquity were held since 776 BC. Initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium. Therefore the length of the Olympia stadium was more or less standardized as a measure of distance (approximately 190 meters). The practice of standardizing footrace tracks to a length of 180-200 meters was followed by the Romans as well. Interestingly enough, a human's capacity to sustain maximum speed is known to diminish after about 200 meters of sprinting, a fact also seen in modern-day athletics. Greek and Roman stadia have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the Colosseum or the Stadium of Domitian, both in Rome.

The modern stadium

Types

Domed stadiums have roofs. They are called stadiums because they are large enough for, and designed for what are generally considered to be outdoor sports. (Those designed for what are usually indoor sports are called arenas.) Some stadiums have partial roofs, and a few have even been designed to have moveable fields. An all-seater stadium has seats for all spectators. Other stadiums are designed so that all or some spectators stand to view the event. The term "stadium" tends to be used mostly in connection with games like American football and soccer. An exception is the basketball arena at Duke University, which is called Cameron Indoor Stadium. The term "stadium" is also often used for baseball parks, especially since the construction of Yankee Stadium in 1923, but starting in the 1990s the cozier term "ballpark" has returned to favor for baseball-only facilities. 1990s's Koševo stadium.]]

Design issues

Different sports require fields of different size and shape. Some stadiums are designed primarily for a single sport while other stadiums can accommodate different sports. Stadiums built specifically for some form of football are quite common. The most common multiple use design combines a football field with a running track, a combination which generally works fairly well, although certain compromises must be made. The major drawback is that the stands are necessarily set back a good distance from the field, especially at the ends of the field. In the case of some smaller stadiums, there aren't stands at the ends. When there are stands all the way around, the stadium takes on an oval shape. When one end is open, the stadium has a horseshoe shape. All three configurations (open, oval and horseshoe) are common, especially in the case of American college football stadiums. football provides a typical example of a baseball stadium / ballpark.]] In the United States, where baseball and American football are the two most popular outdoor spectator sports, a number of football/baseball multi-use stadiums were built, especially during the 1960s, and some of them were successful. However, since the requirements for baseball and football are significantly different, the trend beginning with Kansas City in 1972-1973, and accelerating in the 1990s, has been toward the construction of single-purpose stadiums. In several cases a football stadium has been constructed adjacent to a baseball park. In many cases, earlier baseball stadiums were constructed to fit into a particular land area or city block. This resulted in asymmetrical dimensions for many baseball fields. Yankee Stadium, for example, was built on a triangular city block in The Bronx, New York City. This resulted in a large left field dimension but a small right field dimension, which added to the stadium's character. Before more modern football stadiums were built in the United States, many baseball parks, including Yankee Stadium, the Polo Grounds, Wrigley Field, Comiskey Park, Tiger Stadium, Fenway Park, Griffith Stadium, Milwaukee County Stadium, Shibe Park, Forbes Field and Sportsman's Park were used by the National Football League or the American Football League. The spectator areas of a stadium are often referred to as terraces, especially in the United Kingdom but also in some American baseball parks, as an alternative to the term tier. Originally set out for standing room only, they are now usually equipped with seating. Either way, the term originates from the step-like rows which resemble agricultural terraces. Related, but not precisely the same, is the use of terrace to describe a sloping portion of the outfield in a baseball park, possibly but not necessarily for seating, but for practical or decorative purposes. The most famous of these was at Crosley Field in Cincinnati, Ohio. Poor stadium design has contributed to disasters such as the Hillsborough disaster and the Heysel Stadium disaster.

Corporate naming

In recent decades, the owners of sports stadiums in the United States found it worthwhile to subsidize costs by accepting corporate sponsorships. This trend, which began in the 1970s but accelerated greatly in the 1990s, has led to sponsors' names being affixed to both established stadiums and new ones. In some cases, the corporate name replaces (with varying degrees of success) the name by which the venue has been known for many years -- examples include San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium, previously known as Jack Murphy Stadium. But many of the more recently-built ballparks, such as Milwaukee's Miller Park, have never been known by a non-corporate name. The sponsorship phenomenon has since spread worldwide. One consequence of corporate naming has been an increase in stadium name changes, for example when the namesake corporation changes its name, or if the naming agreement simply expires. Phoenix's Chase Field, for example, was previously known as Bank One Ballpark but was re-named to reflect the takeover of the latter corporation. San Francisco's historic Candlestick Park was renamed as 3Com Park for several years, but the name was dropped when the sponsorship agreement expired, and it was another two years before a new name of Monster Park was applied. On the other hand, Los Angeles' now-defunct Great Western Forum, one of the earliest examples of corporate re-naming, retained its name for many years, even after the namesake bank no longer existed. Perhaps the most interesting example is Houston's Minute Maid Park, which hurriedly dropped its original name of Enron Field when scandal engulfed the latter corporation -- it became Astros Field for a year before finding a new corporate naming sponsor. This new trend in corporate naming (or re-naming) is distinguishable from names of some older parks such as Crosley Field, Wrigley Field and Busch Stadium, in that the parks were named by and for the club's owner, which also happened to be the names of companies owned by those clubowners. See also: Naming rights

Kingston, Jamaica

Kingston (population 600,000) is the capital of Jamaica. It is located on the southeastern coast of the island country at . It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sandspit which connects Port Royal and the Norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. Note that Kingston the city (often called Greater Kingston or the "Corporate Area") is much larger than the parish of Kingston that includes only the old Downtown and Port Royal. Much of the "Corporate Area" is situated in the Parish of St. Andrew, the two parishes having been amalgamated by the Kingston and St Andrew Corporation Act of 1923. Founded in 1693 by the English after a disastrous earthquake destroyed much of the previous main port city of Port Royal (French for King's Port), the city became the seat of administration for Jamaica in 1872. It kept this status when the island was granted independence in 1962. On January 14, 1907, an earthquake in Kingston killed more than 1,000 people. Apart from being the seat of the Jamaican government, the city is also home to the Mona campus of the University of the West Indies founded in 1948. Several annual and well-visited festivals are held in Kingston. Two parts comprise the central area of Kingston: the historic but troubled Downtown, and New Kingston, which is home to the city's most visited attraction, the Bob Marley Museum (built at his former residence). Several other reggae stars, including Buju Banton and Beenie Man, also hail from Kingston. Other attractions include the nearby Hellshire and Lime Cay beaches, the National Gallery of Jamaica, the ruins of Port Royal, and Devon House, a mansion with adjoining park that once belonged to Jamaica's first black millionaire. Kingston is served by Norman Manley International Airport and also by the smaller and primarily domestic Tinson Pen Airport.

Demographics

Despite the fact that the majority of the population are Blacks, Kingston, Jamaica has a large number of non-Blacks. The largest groups are those who are mixed race. Moderate numbers of Hispanics mostly from Latin America are also to be found in the city. East Indians and Chinese are the next largest groups and this is evident from the many Asian restaurants that dot Kingston's streets. There is also a modest number of Whites, mostly from Cuba, and Great Britain, including a number of Christian Syrians and Lebanese.

Religion

There is a wide variety of Christianity practiced in the city. Most are Protestant due to British colonisation of the island. The chief denominations are Church of God, Baptist, Anglican, Seventh-Day Adventist and Pentecostal. Afro-Christian syncretic cults are also widespread. There is a Jewish synagogue in the city as well as a small number of Buddhists. The major non-Christian religion is the Rastafari movement. Courtney Walsh (1962-) is a world famous cricketer who was born in Kingston.

External links

- [http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/Jamaica/Kingston/Attractions Kingston City Guide]
- [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=18.001099,-76.799583&spn=0.163078,0.253372&t=k&hl=en Satellite image on Google maps] Category:Capitals in North America Category:Coastal cities Category:Cities and towns in Jamaica

Jamaica Football Federation

The Jamaica Football Federation is the official football (soccer) organization in Jamaica and is in charge of the Jamaican national team. Category:Football (soccer) governing bodies Category:Football in Jamaica

Category:Football venues in Jamaica

Category:Sports venues in Jamaica Jamaica Grounds

Observatoire (administration)

En France, il existe de multiples observatoires souvent créés par les collectivités et l'État. Ces observatoires ont pour mission de compléter les connaissances afin de faciliter les prises de décisions et de faciliter l'accès à l'information dans différents domaines. Il en existe à toutes les échelles territoriales, les plus pérennes et nombreux étant nationaux, régionaux ou départementaux. Thématiques traitées par ces observatoires :

Social

- Action sociale
- Commission nouvelles stratégies d’action sociale
- Observatoire de l’action sociale départementale
- Observatoire de l’action sociale des villes
- Observatoire sociologique du changement
- L'Observatoire du Québec (ODQ), un centre de recherche pluridiciplinaire, qui siège à l'Université du Québec, à Québec.
- Inégalités
- Observatoire des politiques locales de lutte contre l’exclusion
- Observatoire national de l’action sociale décentralisée
- Observatoire national de la pauvreté et de l’exclusion sociale
- Observatoire de la parité entre les femmes et les hommes (Premier ministre)
- Observatoire de l’enfance en danger
- Observatoire de l’accueil de la petite enfance et du soutien à la famille
- Emploi
- Observatoire du monde du travail
- Observatoire des carrières
- Observatoire des dirigeants
- Observatoire des retraites (association Agirc-Arcco)
- Santé
- Centre de recherche, d’études et de documentation en économie de la santé
- Haut comité de santé publique
- Observatoire français des drogues et des toxicomanies
- Fédération nationale des observatoires régionaux de la santé
- Institut de veille sanitaire
- Observatoire du soutien au vieillissement
- Culture
- Observatoire national de la lecture
- Observatoire des politiques culturelles (Ministère de la Culture)
- Observatoire de l’économie du livre
- Observatoire de l’emploi culturel
- Observatoire des musées
- Observatoire des entreprises de l’audiovisuel

Économie

- Centre d’observation économique
- Centre d’études et des recherches économiques sur l’énergie
- Observatoire des matières premières
- Observatoire économique des prix des produits agricoles et alimentaires
- Observatoire économique de l’achat public
- Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques
- Observatoire du marché international de la construction
- Observatoire du commerce et des échanges électroniques
- Observatoire de l’énergie
- Observatoire de la consommation
- Observatoire de la publicité
- Observatoire des coûts des passages portuaires
- Observatoire des exportations du ministère de l’équipement, des transports et du logement
- Observatoire des stratégies industrielles
- Observatoire des technologies stratégiques
- Observatoire national des équipements commerciaux
- Tourisme
- Observatoire économique et social du cheval
- Observatoire national du tourisme
- Artisanat
- Métiers
- Observatoire des métiers de l’assurance
- Observatoire des métiers, de l’emploi et de la formation
- Observatoire national des marchés immobiliers
- Observatoire national des transports
- Observatoire national du BTP
- Observatoire national du service public de l’électricité

Environnement

- Environnement
- Institut français de l’environnement
- Observatoire national des zones humides
- Observatoire et réseau des métiers et de l’emploi en environnement
- Observatoire des pratiques et représentations sociales de l’environnement
- Écologie
- Air
- Airparif (surveillance de la qualité de l’air en Île-de-France, association sans but lucratif)
- Eau
- Faune
- Flore
- Observatoire de la forêt méditerranéenne

Divers

- Observatoire des finances locales
- Observatoire des sciences et des techniques
- Observatoire national de la sécurité des établissements scolaires
- Observatoire national interministériel de la sécurité routière

Les observatoires par échelle territoriale

Échelle nationale Échelle régionale Observatoire régional de la Santé Observatoire régional des Transports Observatoire régional de l'Environnement Échelle départementale

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